Some Known Etiological Factors of Congenital Heart Diseases

Fetal alcohol syndrome:
VSD, ASD, TOF, CoAO

Fetal Hydantoin syndrome:
VSD, TOF, PS, PDA, ASD, CoAo

Fetal thalidomide syndrome:
Conotruncal malformation

Fetal Warfarin syndrome:
PDA, PPS

Maternal PKU:
TOF, VSD, CoAo

Maternal Lupus:
CAVB, cardiomyopathy, L-TGA

Fetal Rubella syndrome:
PDA, PPS, VSD, ASD, fibromuscular and intimal proliferation of medium and large arteries.

Lithium:
Ebstein’s malformation

Tricuspid atresia:
ASD

Maternal Diabetes:
TGA, VSD, CoAo, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Down’s syndrome:
40% have CHD, these include:  AVC, VSD, ASD, TOF, PDA, from most common to least common
CHD in Down’s syndrome decreases life expectancy from 80% at 30 years to 50%

Trisomy 18:
VSD, polyvalvar disease

Sub PS:
Trisomy 13:80% of cases:  VSD, PDA, ASD, CoAo, dextrocardia, complex defects

Turner syndrome:
CoAo, bicuspid aortic valve, aortic dilatation, dissection and rupture

Noonan syndrome:
In 50% of cases:  PS, conduction abnormalities (SAD), ASD, VSD, TOF, sub AS, complex CHD